Just a few Englisch regularities
... you may also find in Australien Canadien and (most) other English language-variants perhaps even at some German schools. - And of cause the most inevitable regularity is: that there is (always - this rule likely included) an exception (or more often even some of them)! Etwas über, nur wenige, Regelmässigkeiten von Sprachvarianten des Englischen - mit unvermeidlichen Ausnahmen -, das selbst an deutschsprachigen Schulen 'gefunden' werden mag: |
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The three (or 4) famous 'end-s(es) of the English grammar Die drei (oder vier) berühmt(-berüchtigt)en end-s der Englischen Grammatik |
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They are 'breaking' the doubling rule of end-consonants after a (short) vole in stressed syllables. In diesen Fällen wirkt die Verdoppelungsregel für End-Konsonanten nach (kurzem) betontem Vokal nicht (selbst wo die [vollständige] Silbe es angehängt wird) |
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The verb's or predicate's additional-s in case of the
third person singular (only
but) in all Present Tenses. |
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«He, she, it no s is shit!» - Aber auch: «die Türe/ein Kind» ist es und «die Präsidentin» ist sie. «He, she, it (ein) s muss mit!» - But «the dog/a car» is it and «Mr. Miller» he. SPO - Subject Predicate (and perhaps) Object(s - 'MPT'): 3rd person/thing verb & (e)s object «He bows to her.» (Simple Present Tense Er (ver)beugt sich (vor) ihr [einmalig (dies kann auch, und zwar dann mit dem Ausdruck 'grösst(ausdrucks-)möglicher' Eintrittsgewissheit, in der Zukunft liegen) oder wiederholt bzw. immer sein]. In Passive Voice e.g.: It is played. Passivisch: Es wird gespielt.) 3rd person/thing (p - to be & s =>) is & (present participle =>) main verb & ing object «He is bowing to her.» [compare the more certain future forms: He is going to bow to her. etc.] (Present Continuous/Progressive Tense Er ist [gerade] dabei sich (vor) ihr zu (ver)beugen [respektive beabsichtigt dies, und zwar mit recht hoher (Eintritts-)Wahrscheinlichkeit (beim Gebrauch der 'schwächeren' Formulierung: «is going to» hat er immerhin schon zuvor einmal darüber nachgedacht es ) zu tun]. In Passive Voice e.g.: It is being played. Es wird [gerade] gespielt.) 3rd person/thing (to have '&' s =>) has & (past participle =) 3rd-form of main verb object «He has bowed to her.» (Present Perfect Tense Passive Voice e.g.: It has been played [by Mozart]. Es ist [von Mozart] gespielt worden.) 3rd person/thing (to have '&' s =>) has & (past participle of to be - 3rd-form of p =) been & (present participle =>) main verb & ing object «He has been bowing to her.» (Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense Er hat/te sich (vor) ihr (verbeugt) gebeugt [was noch irgendwelche Auswirkungen -, nun sichtbare Folgen und/oder anschliessende Konsequenzen - hat]. Passive Voice e.g.: It has been playing [all night]. Es ist [die ganze Nacht hindurch] gespielt worden.) Please, do not-'s' the (3rd person's [singular]) Subjunctive, Past, Will/Shall-Future and Conditional Tenses (or the participles themselves) - especially (not) the modal auxiliaries: «He must go now.» «A bottle can break.» «She may play that game.» «She ought to finish it soon.» And be careful with 'need': «She need not come» only shortens: «She doesn't need/have to come» but: «She needs some food!» Be aware of (the fist of all British) Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects. Others shall have to ... ... for you/that. Something about spelling ('these' 's'): At/after words ending in '*ch' / '*(s)s' / '*sh' / '*x' / '*z' or '*i' (especially coming from a 'former' '*y') add -es (brushes, boxes, churches, chintzes, faxes, masses, princesses, babies etc.); some end-'o' needs -es, too - you'll possibly have to 'learn' (memorize) those (especially: buffaloes, cargoes [or: cargos], does, dominoes, echoes, goes, grottoes, haloes, heroes, mangoes, mosquitoes, mottoes [or: mottos], Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes (!), vetoes, volcanoes). But - it may help a bit, that vole and end-o combinations only get simple 's': photos, radios, pianos, studios and tobaccos. Sollen/müssen Wörter die auf '*ch' / '*(s)s' / '*sh' / '*x' / '*z' oder '*i' (vgl. unten y-Regel) enden um ein 's' ergänzt werden, so ist '-es' anzufügen (B/bürsten, Schachteln, Kirchen, Chinize, Faxe/n, Massen, Fürstinnen/Prinzessinnen, etc.), selbiges gilt für einige mit einem 'o' endende englische Begriffe (Büffel, Ladungen/Güter, tun, abhängige Gebiete, Echo/hallen, gehen, Grotten, [Licht]Höfe/[Glorien- und] Heiligenscheine/Auren, Helden, Mangos, Moskitos, Mottos/Schlag- bzw. Leitwörter, Neger [sic!], Kartoffeln, Tomaten, Tornados, Torpedos, Vetos/Einsprüche, Vulkane). Nicht aber bei: Fotos, Radios, Pianos, Studios und Tabaks/Tabake (Faustregel: die auch im Deutschen mit einem Mehrzahl-s üblich/zumutbar sind respektive wo das end-o auf einen Vokal folögt). Expresions ending in '*f' or '*fe' are mostly transformed in '*ves'-endings (calf -> calves, half -> halves, knife -> knives, leaf -> leaves, life -> lives, loaf -> loaves, shelf -> shelves, thief -> thieves, wife -> wives, wolf -> wolves, self -> selves ; but important exceptions are: beliefs, chiefs, handkerchiefs, cliffs, dwarfs, griefs, gulfs, proofs, roofs, safes). More about spelling (traps). Ausdrücke, die am Ende mit '*f' oder '*fe' geschrieben wurden verändern sich mit 's' meistens zur Endung '*ves' (Kälber/Waden, Hälften, Messer, Blätter/Flügel, Leben, [Brot-]Laibe. Bretter/Regale, Diebe, [Ehe-]Frauen, Wölfe, Selbst[s]), aber es gibt wichtige Ausnahmen wie: Überzeugungen/die Glauben, Chefs, Taschentücher, Klippen/Felswände, Liliputaner/Zwerge, [Be-]Kümmernis[e], Golf[e]/Klüfte, Beweise / Abzüge, Dächer, Geldschränke. Mehr Orthographie. |
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The nouns plural-s at, in this respect, regular
substantives. |
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(singular)noun & (e)s Be careful, please (remember the y-rule:) lady, ladies, baby, babies, boy, boys ... (lat./gr.) bacterium, bacteria ... axis, axes ...... woman /'·Ù®/ women /'·êê®/, man men, child, children ... Attention! (keep) sheep (unchanged but:) catch a fish and catch two fishes so you'll have caught a (perhaps a small) lot of fish (!) and you've to handle 'hair' equally .... (uncountable singulars) ... bagpipes (even against some Langenscheid Editions - but:) bagpipe player(s) bagpiper(s) ... |
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The possessive s in Genetiv-constructions, after the
apostrophe, and its (often)
missing counterpart at the end of nouns already ending
in 'plural-s'. |
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noun
(without [pliral-]end-'s') & 's
/ noun (ending in) 'plural-s' & ' «These dresses' bows look much better, now. But I'm sorry - this last bow's colour doesn't go so well with that one.» The children's toys are ... But listen: The princesses dresses are something to wear for all the girls here, and the Princess's dresses are only the dresses of (Her Royal Highness) the Princess, too. But (proper nouns ending in a sibilant add the apostrophe plus 's') you also find: «St. James's Palace» and its(! - this Palace's) Park in Central London (a few other orthographical variants on earth), and (probably a bit more regularly - the so important) Possessiv( pronoun)s: yours, hers, his, its, ours, yours, theirs whose et. al., connected without apostrophe (but 1st person singular's is: mine - without any 's'; and never ever muddle them up with: it's - to be [p], or who's, please!). Viele englisch Orts, Mass- und Zeitangaben erfordern den Genetiv obwohl ihnen das Nomen bzw. die Tätigkeit allenfalls höchst indirekt zugehören mag. She got that meet at the butcher's. Yes, Mary was 'a little' tied after the twenty mile's route march with full kit So she had a two hour's rest here, before she a Sunday's child - went on for the two other miles home, but now in her nice Sunday best dress. And finally you may sometimes avoid this situation by connecting with 'of' (while putting the possession at the first and the possessor at the second position - in your own clauses). Vermeiden lässt sich solches (in selbstverfassten Texten) manchmal durch den Gebrauch der Alternative, 'den Besitz/das Besessene' durch ein 'of' mit 'dem/der/den' - dann nachzustellenden - 'Besitzerin[nen]/Besitzer[n]' zu verbinden. «After the full kit matsch of twenty miles, most of the girls and boys need a rest,» But ... Allerdings .... |
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... to be perhaps
continued
Words giving a further description of other
expressions (by naming 'their' characteristics)
are (mostly) either called 'adverbs' or, in
case of 'belonging'/reflecting to a/the noun(s
or special verbs), 'adjectives'. |
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We use an adjective to give an additional information on a noun (especially as subject or object of a clause), it may be placed at two different positions: But «He is an ill man.» Isn't exactly the same as saying: «He (the/a man) is ill.» The adjective is either put directly in front of the noun or it follows the verb that describes (be, become, get, keep, seem, look etc.) the state of that noun (too). An adverb gives an additional description of an expression, situation or action. - But actually 'its' Majesty the Verb commands the language(s). Adverbs (adverbial qualifications - may step out of line and) are placed according to their mission and kind: (adverbs
may step out of line)
Nach bestimmten
Verben (Zustandsverben,
die also keine Handlung, sondern einen Zustand beschreiben
zu denen allerdings auch Werden
zählt) darf das englische Adjektiv nicht zum Adverb
werden, obwohl es (mindestens scheinbar)
das Verb näher bestimmt. It sounds good
... to describe a main verb, the word (adverb
or adjective) follows after that Majesty (the
verb): «(No Sir, please - Tom is a very
slow, defensive driver!)
He does always drive
[adv.] slowly, every limit is kept. - Just
yesterday, he drove as
[adv.] well and
[adv.] fast
as you wouldn't beliefe your eyes! (I assure you constable: only
to show us girls, how to handle my fast car appropriately.)»
... to describe an adjective or another adverb it (the specifying additional adverb) has to be placed in front of that word .... ... Adverbien der Art und Weise (beautifully, quickly, rudely, well etc.) stehen normalerweise am 'Satzende' (SPOMPT) dürfen nicht zwischen Verb (d.b. Prädikat) und direktes Objekt geraten. .... ... Adverbien des Grades (extremely, extraordinarily, absolutly, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, terribly, especially, really, particularly, much, a bit, etc.) stehen vor dem näher zu bestimmenden Wort ... ... Adverbien der Häufigkeit unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres Bestimmtheitsgrades. Adverbien der unbestimmten Häufigkeit indefinite frequency (always, frequently, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes occasionally, etc.) stehen in der 'Mitte' mid-position unmittelbar vor dem Vollverb und drirekt nach be. vor dem 'konjugierten Verb', nach dem ersten Hilfs- oder Modalverb (in complex tenses) and after to be .... .... Adverbien der bestimmten Häufigkeit definite frequency (annually, daily, every Monday, twice a week, yearly etc.) stehen hingegen wie andere Zeitangaben' - am Satzende (oder schon auch mal als dessen Beginn). ... Adverbien und adverbiale Bestimmungen der Zeit und des Ortes (sowie: in fact, unfortunately, luckily, of cause, perhaps, actually) gehören entweder an dan Satzanfang oder sein Ende gemeinsam nebeneinander stehen 'Ort und Zeit' allerdings nur am Ende (SPOMPT) und zwar untereinander in der Reihenfolge: ... place ... before time ..... und darunter vom Allgemeineren zum Spezielleren. ... Satzadverbien sentence adverbs (as a rule, generally speaking, luckily, naturally, of couse, on the whole, perhaps, (un)fortunately etc.) die einen ganzen Satz bestimmen stehen im Englischen am Anfang (ohne Veränderung von SPO). |
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The (trans)forming of (adjectives
in[to]) adverbs ... To keep it too simple: Add 'ly' to the adjective and you have the adverb. But, of cause, there are some important specialities (and spelling traps): Adjectives ending in '*ic' require '*ically' (e.g. automatic -> automatically) with the exception of: publicly. Also care for and compare the 'y', the other 'ly', the 'silent-e' (which is kept in many adverbs by the way:: some grammar books call that case the exeption) and the doubling /'singling' spelling-rules 'downstairs'. Endet bereits das Adjektiv auf *ly (cowardly - feige, deadly - tödlich, lonely - einsam, lovely - liebenswert, ugly - hässlich etc.), so muss das Adverb mit einer Umschreibung gebildet werden: "in a ... way", "in a ... manner". «Our receptionists should always speak to customers in a friendly manner. (Die zulässige Alternative etwa: A receptionist should always be friendly to customers.)» «Well our girls are mostly OK but the boys too often behave in a silly way. (oder Most of our girls are OK but too many of the boys are often silly. etc. eignet sich bekanntlich nur höchst selten für vorgegebene Lückentexte in Prüfungen.)» «You can hardly expect the headmistress to accept this behaviour.» Manche Adverbien haben die gleiche Form wie das/ihr Adjektiv, bei manchen Wörtern tritt ansonsten (d.h. durch ein Anhängen von '-ly') eine Bedeutungsveränderung ein: «I work hard on that.» Ich arbeite schwer daran. «She hardly works.» Sie arbeitet kaum.
Wichtige unveränderte englische Adjektive (d.h. sie sind) = (wie ihre) Adverbien: early - früh; far weit (entfernt); fast - schnell; long - lang(e); low - tief; : close - nah(e); direct - direkt; free - kostenlos; hard - schwer; high - hoch; just - gerade, soeben; late - spät; near - nahe; pretty - ziemlich, erheblich; wide weit (etc.). Bedeutungsveränderung (dieser Adverbien desselben Wortstammes mit/durch '*ly'): closely - genau, sorgfältig; directly - sofort; freely - freizügig; hardly - kaum; highly - sehr viel, höchst- (im abstrakten Sinne); justly - gerecht, rechtmäßig; lately - neulich, in letzter Zeit; nearly - beinahe, fast; prettily - hübsch; widely - weit verbreitet (usw.). A very special adjective is 'good' but its adverb sounds (and is spelt/spelled): 'well'. «She is extremely good at school and she rides very well.» Beachten Sie jedoch: 'to be well' = 'gesund sein' und die hier im Englischen für Adjektiv und Adverb übereinstimmenden 'unregelmäßigen' Steigerungsformen ('better' und 'best'). «I didn't go to work because I wasn't well yesterday. But yes, thank you Madame, it is a very good medicine, I do fell much better, today» «Good girl, you are quite right, we'll hardly find a better remedy for that kind of illness!» |
... to be perhaps
continued |
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Comparison: the positive, the comparative and the superlative of
adjectives and adverbs (both kinds of words only have
this kind of infection in English). |
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'Short' adjectives (and adverbs with the same form), made of only one syllable and those consisting of two syllables if they are ending in: '*er', '*le', '*y' and '*ow', add '-er' (for comparative) or '-est' (for superlative)......Care for the spelling-rules! But (the 'regular') adverbs ending in '*ly' and all the other ('longer' more than one syllable) adjectives (and adverbs) form their comparative with 'more/less' and their superlative with 'most/least' as a separated word in front of them. ... |
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Important irregular ones are : well (the adverb - or as the adjective meaning healthy) better best and: good (the adjetive) - better - best; badly (the adverb) worse worst and: bad (the adjetive) worse worst; ill (the adjetive) worse worst; far (both, adjective and adverb have the same forms) further farthest/furthest; and the irregular adjectives: much/many more most; little less least; near nearer nearest/next; old older/elder oldest/eldest. With their specific meanings and use ..... How to use the comparison in sentences .... positiv .... comparative .... superlative ....'the ... the' .... ' ...er (more) and ... er (more)' .... 'most (=very)' .... and you may repeat the auxiliary verb at the ende of the clause. ... |
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... to be perhaps
continued |
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Some (more)
spelling rules of orthography
... |
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The
doubling and 'singling' (its opponent)
of consonants. If a word ends in a single consonant after a single, short and stressed (emphatic) vowel and if the additional syllable starts with a 'vocal' (the 'vowel-y' included, but «the teacher faxes» that '-es' is excluded), too than you double (the beforehand last) consonant compare British-American differences ... (stop -> stopped, fog -> foggy, hot -> hotter, fun -> funny, bob -> bobbing). Don't double consonants following double, long and/or unstressed vowels (look -> looked, develop -> developing, etc.) if it isn't in case of a single '*l', getting the '-ly' (of adverbs, who may step out of line): awful -> awfully, wonderful -> wonderfully, careful -> carefully, real -> really etc.. Please do not double if the addition starts of with a(n other) consonant (apart from '-ly') itself but be aware of 'endings' in double-'l's (*ll), you'll have to drop ('single' them) some sometimes: all (There are all her girls. - But: always, already, almost, also, although and keep «all right» separated) full (The basket was full of bread. - But: beautiful, awful, wonderful, [skill + full ->] skilful, [full + fill ->] fulfil) till (They atended the meeting till noon. - But: until) well (He sang well. But: welcome, welfare and care for «farewell» and «well-known»). Avoid tripeling, too (full + ly -> fully). And keep the double-'l's ('*ll') if you add '-ness' (fullness, wellness, etc.)
The silent 'e' as beforehand last letter ... ... is dropped if you add a syllable beginning with a vowel (such as: '-able', '-al', '-ance', '-ed', '-er', '-est', '-ing', etc.) to have + ing = having, ice + y = icy, nice + er = nicer. Some adverbs have lost it, too. You may already know: whole -> wholly; true -> truly, simple -> simply; but also compare the next item, please. ... is kept if you add a syllable beginning with a consonant (such as: '-ful', '-less', '-ly', '-ment', '-ness', etc.) Expl.: care + ful = careful, move + ment = movement; extreme + ly = extremely, completely, nicely; excite + ment = excitement But: whole -> wholly, true -> truly and a consonant in front of former '*le' causes just simple '*ly' (simply). But of cause keep (the sounding) double-'e'(s) ('*ee') when adding '*able' or '*ing' (agreeable, seeing). Das
(hörbare) Doppel-'e' am Wortende bleibt
beim Anfügen von *ing oder *able -
konsequenterweise - erhalten (agreeing; aber
nur poetisch: |
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How to spell better dont
say, but do: write here - the (very
special English
'vowel')
Y. |
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Either, if the end-'y' follows onto a vowel (in the original word) it is kept as 'y', careless what is added after it. But (adverbs may step out of line) day becomes daily. Or, if the end-'y' follows onto a consonant (in the original word) it is transformed into an 'i' if an '-s' has to be added it goes '*ies' before replenishing something. Happy -> happily. But shy goes (as adverbs may step out of line) shyly and adding '-ing' always keeps the 'y', too. But
(/So) never change the (former)
end-'y' if followed by '-ing' for Gerunds and/or Present
Participles you mostly (yes, its
'skiing' and no And the teacher says: that 'irregular' verbs like to say, to lay and to pay have their special Past Tense / Past Participle (said, laid, paid) but adding (Present Tenses') 3rd Person's Singular '-s', '-ing', '-er' etc. to the infinitive is paying to our rules. 'Unregelmässige' Verben (wie sagen. Legen und [be]zahlen) unterliegen (aus teils mehreren Gründen) nur hinsichtlich der Vergangenheitsform und ihres Mittelwortes einer (besonderen) Änderung des Ypsilons für Modifikationen iher Grundform (der Infinitive) gelten die bekannten / hier genannten Regeln. |
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The daily (daily) exceptional case never dies (out) Täglich (putzend)e Ausnahmen gibt es immer: To
die (dies), died, died, dying. [compare:
lie and tie etc., too]
- But: It is 'the death' - and the inevitable noun die
(with a/the different meaning!) has its
special plural: «The dice are cast!» - Arnt
they, Lady Di(e)? - Gajus Julis Caesar may
have used the singular and never forget
its
important complementary counterpart: (to live
your): life!. And 'our'
adjective 'icy' of 'ice' pays - more ore less
- to the same idea, too. |
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Never say die! |
Nur nicht aufgeben! |
... to be perhaps
continued |
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The ... English
Languages are not phonetic .... «It's hard to know now: whether the wether cares for the weather or not!» Say/sprich: ê´s ¨ÑФ ´Ù ®Ù ®Ù '·¥Ù(²) Ù '·¥Ù(²) «¥Ù(²)s ¦Ù(²) Ù '·¥Ù(²) ÔÐ(²) ®Ò´ Es ist eben wirklich kaum zu sagen, ob sich der Hammel jetzt ums Wetter schert oder ob eben nicht. ...
but there are a
lot of homophones and similar sounding expressions.
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... to be perhaps
continued
The
rules to form English tenses are very simple. There are just a few
exceptions and specialities: «'Every' tense
consists of helping verb(s)
(auxiliary)
and a main
verb
(or a combined phrase with them).» -
But ... |
But there is a very important difference separating tense from time.
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But 1st in simple (active) tenses (of present, past and the especially in British English - rarer subjunctive) the helping verb may be left out in not emphasised positive statements. - Even if it otherwise does most of the work to ask, to say it negative, and to show us the tense. Please add the 3rd person's singular-s of Simple Present Tense to the main verb then but you needn't for singular nouns with plural verbs as subject (e.g. in: «The British government like you to do that.»), and you mustn't modify any subjunctive nor 's' any of the modal auxiliaries. |
Aber 1.) in 'einfachen', Tempora (der Gegenwart, Vergangenheit und des eher selteneren 'echten' englischen Konjunktivs) kann das 'Helferlein' das ansonsten die 'ganze' Arbeit des Fragens und Verneinens (sowie weitgehend auch der Tempus-Angabe) machen muss im Aktiv positiver Aussagen entfallen (in der Gegenwart muss das 's' für die dritte Person Einzahl dann - ausser bei singularen Subjekten mit pluralischen Verben und im Subjunctive orthographie-regelgerecht ans 'Vollverb' selbst angehängt werden; vgl. unten 2.). But 2nd please remember the additional 's' in all (but not subjunctive or modal auxiliary) tenses only for the 3rd person singular: «He, she it - no 's' is shit!» counts for 'Tom', 'the baby' or 'Miss. Jefferson' etc., too but of cause not for 'children', 'the Robbertsons' and tables et al. plurals. Aber 2.) in allen Zeit(form)en des Präsens (Present) muss (allerdings ausser bei den nicht flektierbaren, unvollständigen, modalen Hilfsverben und im Subjunctive wo es ersatzlos entfällt) ausschiesslich in der dritten Person Einzahl also nur im Singular! der auch 'Mr. Miller' und 'the/a car' etc. umfasst - ein '(e)s' mitgenommen werden (vgl. Rechtschreibregeln), das falls gar kein Hilfverb verwendet wird, vom Vollverb übernommen werden muss. But 3rd 'its' Majesty the main (multi-word or phrasal) verb King of English Language, your reverences please may by dropped if we already understand: Did they all (the parts of speech) curtsy to the King? - Yes naturally, they properly did. Aber 3.) seine Majestät das 'Vollverb' bzw. die damit gebildete Wortkombination oder Phrase selbst kann, wo das damit Gemeinte implizit verstanden wird, entfallen. But 4th 'to be' never properly knowing what it actually wants to get - p is always very special. ....... Aber 4.) das so fleissige 'to be' p tanzt immer mal etwas aus der Reihe und hat zahlreiche Funktionen zu erfüllen. . Im Present (am / are / is), Past (was / were) und Participle (being, been, having been) weist es zahlreiche Konjugationsformen auf (die im Subjunctive auch noch aufgehoben bzw. 'verdreht' werden). The conjugation and use of 'will' and 'to have' may be a bit surprising, too. Not only that 'they' have lost the British 'got' as part of the main verb 'to have', back there, and mostly use 'gotten' as past participle but also the whole perfect is used more sparingly in America. Regarding to combinations with modal auxiliaries, we've seen the 'could have' and even the 'could had' type-variants - but no 'can had', yet. There is no orderly infinitive of the incomplete modal verbs: 'Will' is conjugated as 'shall' in the first persons, if facts are concerned. We use 'should' - as its 'past tense' - in the second and third persons, for more intensive intentions. And 'will' or 'would' - in the same case - for the first persons. 'Woun't' (wouldn't) and 'shan't' (shouldn't) are the short forms of 'will not' (would not) and 'shall not' (should not), but 'willing' means to be prepare or ready to do something (not necessarily wanting to do it). Die Konjugation bzw. der Gebrauch des weiteren temporalen vollständigen Hilfsverbs 'to have' und des unvollständigen Modalverbs 'will' im.... So manche der (insbesondere hier grau) aufgeführten Varianten mag - von Fachbüchern einmal abgesehen eher selten bzw. nie oder allenfalls in Dichtung respektive Prosa Verwendung finden. |
List of 'some' English tenses: |
Predicate active voice |
Predicate passiv voice |
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'tense' |
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infinitive |
'with to' / present |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. |
base (1st)
form (with to): |
base (1st)
form (of 'get' or::)
|
past participle (3rd
form): |
bare / base form / imperative |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. |
base (1st)
form (without 'to'): |
base (1st)
form (of 'get' or::)
|
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
perfect |
to have |
past participle (3rd
form): |
to have of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
'simple' |
present |
partly
optional: |
base (1st) form (without any aux. <- just for 3rd person singular plus -s):
|
present of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd form):
|
past |
partly
optional: |
past (2nd) form:
|
past of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd form):
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'will-future' |
shall (shan't) / will (woun't) |
base (1st)
form: |
shall be / will be |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
conditional |
should / would |
base (1st)
form: |
should be / would be |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
continuous / progressive |
present |
present of 'to be': |
present participle ('4th'):
|
present of 'to be' & being: |
past participle (3rd form):
|
past |
past of 'to be': |
present participle ('4th'):
|
past of 'to be' & being: |
past participle (3rd form):
|
|
'will-future' |
shall (shan't) be / will (woun't) be |
present participle ('4th'):
|
shall (shan't) be being / will (woun't) be being |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
conditional |
should be / would be |
present participle ('4th'):
|
should be being / would be being |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
perfect simple |
present |
present of 'to have': |
past participle (3rd form):
|
present of 'to have' & been:
|
past participle (3rd form):
|
past |
past of 'to have': |
past participle (3rd form):
|
past of 'to have' & been: |
past participle (3rd form):
|
|
'will-future' |
shall have / will have |
past participle (3rd
form): |
shall have been / will have been |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
conditional |
should have / would have |
past participle (3rd
form): |
should have been / would have been |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
perfect continuous / perfect progressive |
present |
present perfect of 'to be': |
present participle ('4th'):
|
present perfect continuous of 'to be':
|
past participle (3rd form):
|
past |
past perfect of 'to be': |
present participle ('4th'):
|
past perfect continuous of 'to be':
|
past participle (3rd form):
|
|
'will-future' |
shall have been / will have been |
present participle ('4th'):
|
shall have been being / will have been being |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
conditional |
should have been / would have been |
present participle ('4th'):
|
should have been being / would have been being |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
subjunctive |
present |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. But in British English we often use should |
base (1st)
form: |
(should
&) bare infinitive of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
past |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. But in British English we often use should |
base (1st)
form: |
(should
&) past of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
participle |
present / (gerund) |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. |
base (1st)
form & -ing: |
present participle ('4th')
form of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
past |
Not every tense always uses its auxiliary. |
base (1st)
form & -ed or irregular: |
past participle (3rd)
form of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
perfect |
present
participle ('4th')
form of 'to have': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
present
perfect participle ('5th')
form of 'to be': |
past participle (3rd
form): |
|
|
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... to be perhaps
continued
|
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The ...
Indirect
and/or reported speach «It's Say/sprich: ...
but there
|
... to be perhaps
continued
|
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Webster's
Online Dictionary |
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There are already
many useful (and some worse) web-pages for
different kinds of English-studies available. -
So we do not intend to add another one here(with)
and can't replace a speller (spelling book).
Our didactic intention is a bit different here, anyway. |
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